diff --git a/lang/es.conf b/lang/es.conf
index 8abd2b7..8fc6a0d 100644
--- a/lang/es.conf
+++ b/lang/es.conf
@@ -88,6 +88,16 @@
 "XLINE: {0} removed a {1}" = "XLINE: {0} eliminó un {1}"
 "XLINE: {0}-line on {1} expired" = "XLINE: la {0}-line sobre {1} ha expirado"
 
+# --- cierre de enlace (ERROR del lado del cliente al desconectar) ---
+"Closing link: ({0})" = "Cerrando enlace: ({0})"
+"Closing link: (R-lined: {0})" = "Cerrando enlace: (R-lined: {0})"
+"Closing link: (SAQUIT: {0})" = "Cerrando enlace: (SAQUIT: {0})"
+"Closing link (registration refused)" = "Cerrando enlace (registro rechazado)"
+"Closing link: (Too many connections from your IP)" = "Cerrando enlace: (Demasiadas conexiones desde tu IP)"
+"Closing link: (Excess flood)" = "Cerrando enlace: (Exceso de flood)"
+"Closing link (dropped)" = "Cerrando enlace (descartado)"
+"Closing link (incorrect ping reply)" = "Cerrando enlace (respuesta de ping incorrecta)"
+
 # --- avisos / desafíos ---
 "*** Cloudflare Challenge: verification successful — you may continue." = "*** Desafío de Cloudflare: verificación exitosa — puedes continuar."
 "*** Correct — you may now message freely; please resend your message." = "*** Correcto — ya puedes enviar mensajes libremente; por favor reenvía tu mensaje."
diff --git a/lang/fr.conf b/lang/fr.conf
index a37ba79..1ba039b 100644
--- a/lang/fr.conf
+++ b/lang/fr.conf
@@ -88,6 +88,16 @@
 "XLINE: {0} removed a {1}" = "XLINE : {0} a supprimé un {1}"
 "XLINE: {0}-line on {1} expired" = "XLINE : la {0}-line sur {1} a expiré"
 
+# --- fermeture de lien (ERROR côté client au moment de la déconnexion) ---
+"Closing link: ({0})" = "Fermeture du lien : ({0})"
+"Closing link: (R-lined: {0})" = "Fermeture du lien : (R-lined : {0})"
+"Closing link: (SAQUIT: {0})" = "Fermeture du lien : (SAQUIT : {0})"
+"Closing link (registration refused)" = "Fermeture du lien (enregistrement refusé)"
+"Closing link: (Too many connections from your IP)" = "Fermeture du lien : (Trop de connexions depuis votre IP)"
+"Closing link: (Excess flood)" = "Fermeture du lien : (Excès de flood)"
+"Closing link (dropped)" = "Fermeture du lien (abandonné)"
+"Closing link (incorrect ping reply)" = "Fermeture du lien (réponse au ping incorrecte)"
+
 # --- notices / défis ---
 "*** Cloudflare Challenge: verification successful — you may continue." = "*** Défi Cloudflare : vérification réussie — vous pouvez continuer."
 "*** Correct — you may now message freely; please resend your message." = "*** Correct — vous pouvez maintenant envoyer des messages librement ; veuillez renvoyer votre message."
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_oper.rs b/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
index b430be5..2adba18 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
@@ -1349,7 +1349,8 @@ impl Command for SaQuit {
             .cloned()
             .unwrap_or_else(|| "Services forced quit".to_string());
         if s.uid_servprotected(tuid) { s.numeric(uid, ERR_NOPRIVILEGES, ":Cannot use an SA command on a network service"); return CmdResult::Fail; }
-        s.send(tuid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: (SAQUIT: {reason})"));
+        let m = s.trf("Closing link: (SAQUIT: {0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+        s.send(tuid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
         s.remove_user(tuid, &format!("Quit: {reason}"));
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
         let m = s.trf("{0} used SAQUIT on {1}: {2}", &[by.as_str(), params[0].as_str(), reason.as_str()]);
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_user.rs b/src/coremods/core_user.rs
index 55375f2..7c994f1 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_user.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_user.rs
@@ -572,7 +572,8 @@ impl Command for Nick {
             });
             if let Some((nk, id, ho, ip, rn)) = info {
                 if let Some(reason) = s.matched_rline(&nk, &id, &ho, &ip, &rn) {
-                    s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+                    let m = s.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+                    s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
                     s.remove_user(uid, &reason);
                 }
             }
diff --git a/src/ircd.rs b/src/ircd.rs
index 2815428..227f684 100644
--- a/src/ircd.rs
+++ b/src/ircd.rs
@@ -569,10 +569,8 @@ impl Ircd {
         for m in &mut self.modules {
             match m.on_user_register(&mut self.server, uid) {
                 ModResult::Deny => {
-                    self.server.send(
-                        uid,
-                        "ERROR :Closing link (registration refused)".to_string(),
-                    );
+                    let m = self.server.trf("Closing link (registration refused)", &[]);
+                    self.server.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
                     self.server.remove_user(uid, "Registration refused");
                     return;
                 }
@@ -588,15 +586,15 @@ impl Ircd {
             (u.ident.clone(), u.host.clone(), u.addr.ip().to_string())
         };
         if let Some(reason) = self.server.matched_xline(&ident, &host, &ip) {
-            self.server
-                .send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+            let m = self.server.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+            self.server.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.server.remove_user(uid, &reason);
             return;
         }
         // ident: apply a confirmed username (dropping `~`) and enforce requireident
         if let Some(reason) = crate::modules::ident::finalize(&mut self.server, uid) {
-            self.server
-                .send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+            let m = self.server.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+            self.server.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.server.remove_user(uid, &reason);
             return;
         }
@@ -613,8 +611,8 @@ impl Ircd {
             )
         };
         if let Some(reason) = rl {
-            self.server
-                .send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+            let m = self.server.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+            self.server.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.server.remove_user(uid, &reason);
             return;
         }
@@ -636,8 +634,8 @@ impl Ircd {
     fn reject_link(&mut self, uid: Uid, reason: &str) {
         self.server
             .numeric(uid, ERR_PASSWDMISMATCH, &format!(":{reason}"));
-        self.server
-            .send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+        let m = self.server.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason]);
+        self.server.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
         self.server.remove_user(uid, reason);
     }
 
@@ -705,8 +703,8 @@ impl Ircd {
             } else {
                 "Registration timeout"
             };
-            self.server
-                .send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+            let m = self.server.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason]);
+            self.server.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.quit_user(uid, reason);
         }
         // republish gauges (the core owns this state; the scrape thread only reads)
diff --git a/src/modules/autodrop.rs b/src/modules/autodrop.rs
index b280f5a..85b6ad5 100644
--- a/src/modules/autodrop.rs
+++ b/src/modules/autodrop.rs
@@ -55,7 +55,8 @@ impl Module for AutoDrop {
             .get::<DropCache>()
             .is_some_and(|c| c.cmds.contains(&cmd.to_ascii_uppercase()));
         if hit {
-            s.send(uid, "ERROR :Closing link (dropped)".to_string());
+            let m = s.trf("Closing link (dropped)", &[]);
+            s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             s.remove_user(uid, "Autodropped");
             return ModResult::Deny;
         }
diff --git a/src/modules/conn_waitpong.rs b/src/modules/conn_waitpong.rs
index 66c1499..bd62ef8 100644
--- a/src/modules/conn_waitpong.rs
+++ b/src/modules/conn_waitpong.rs
@@ -68,10 +68,8 @@ pub fn on_pong(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, params: &[String]) {
             u.waitpong = None;
         }
     } else if s.conf_bool("conn_waitpong_killonbadreply", false) {
-        s.send(
-            uid,
-            "ERROR :Closing link (incorrect ping reply)".to_string(),
-        );
+        let m = s.trf("Closing link (incorrect ping reply)", &[]);
+        s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
         s.remove_user(uid, "Incorrect ping reply");
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/dnsbl.rs b/src/modules/dnsbl.rs
index e9a9feb..6d03219 100644
--- a/src/modules/dnsbl.rs
+++ b/src/modules/dnsbl.rs
@@ -210,7 +210,8 @@ fn act(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, domain: &str) {
     if closes {
         // pre-registration users aren't caught by add_xline's enforce sweep, so close
         // this connection explicitly (the ERROR flushes before the socket).
-        s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+        let m = s.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+        s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
         s.remove_user(uid, &reason);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/filter.rs b/src/modules/filter.rs
index f1e05a9..e349268 100644
--- a/src/modules/filter.rs
+++ b/src/modules/filter.rs
@@ -71,7 +71,8 @@ impl Module for Filter {
             "block" => s.notice_star(uid, &format!("Your message was blocked: {reason}")),
             "silent" => {}
             "kill" => {
-                s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+                let m = s.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+                s.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
                 s.remove_user(uid, &reason);
             }
             "kline" => {
diff --git a/src/modules/flood.rs b/src/modules/flood.rs
index 0a0e4e3..578ea63 100644
--- a/src/modules/flood.rs
+++ b/src/modules/flood.rs
@@ -58,7 +58,8 @@ impl Module for Flood {
         if over {
             if !fakelag {
                 // fakelag disabled: disconnect the flooder instead of throttling
-                srv.send(uid, "ERROR :Closing link: (Excess flood)".to_string());
+                let m = srv.trf("Closing link: (Excess flood)", &[]);
+                srv.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
                 srv.mark_quit(uid, "Excess flood".to_string());
                 return ModResult::Deny;
             }
diff --git a/src/server.rs b/src/server.rs
index 239926d..99edeac 100644
--- a/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/server.rs
@@ -481,10 +481,8 @@ impl Server {
 
         // connflood — refuse an IP that's opening connections too fast (see modules::connflood)
         if crate::modules::connflood::over_limit(self, ip) {
-            self.send(
-                uid,
-                "ERROR :Closing link: (Too many connections from your IP)".to_string(),
-            );
+            let m = self.trf("Closing link: (Too many connections from your IP)", &[]);
+            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.remove_user(uid, "Connection throttled");
             return;
         }
@@ -494,7 +492,8 @@ impl Server {
 
         // connectclass — assign a connection class; a deny class or per-IP cap rejects
         if let Some(reason) = crate::modules::connclass::assign(self, uid) {
-            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+            let m = self.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.remove_user(uid, &reason);
             return;
         }
diff --git a/src/xline.rs b/src/xline.rs
index e1fa768..6f19b0f 100644
--- a/src/xline.rs
+++ b/src/xline.rs
@@ -270,7 +270,8 @@ impl Server {
             .map(|(&uid, _)| uid)
             .collect();
         for uid in victims {
-            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: (R-lined: {reason})"));
+            let m = self.trf("Closing link: (R-lined: {0})", &[reason]);
+            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.remove_user(uid, &format!("R-lined: {reason}"));
         }
     }
@@ -365,7 +366,8 @@ impl Server {
             })
             .collect();
         for (uid, reason) in victims {
-            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: ({reason})"));
+            let m = self.trf("Closing link: ({0})", &[reason.as_str()]);
+            self.send(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
             self.remove_user(uid, &reason);
         }
     }