diff --git a/lang/es.conf b/lang/es.conf
index fa016fb..8abd2b7 100644
--- a/lang/es.conf
+++ b/lang/es.conf
@@ -31,6 +31,63 @@
 "{0} created channel {1}" = "{0} creó el canal {1}"
 "{0} used OJOIN to enter {1}" = "{0} usó OJOIN para entrar a {1}"
 
+# --- comandos de operador: SA*/CHG/XLINE/FILTER/RLINE/etc. (prosa dinámica) ---
+"GLOBOPS from {0}: {1}" = "GLOBOPS de {0}: {1}"
+"{0}-line not found: {1}" = "línea {0} no encontrada: {1}"
+"R-line not found: {0}" = "línea R no encontrada: {0}"
+"Invalid RLINE regex: {0}" = "expresión regular RLINE no válida: {0}"
+"{0} used NICKLOCK on {1}" = "{0} usó NICKLOCK en {1}"
+"{0} used NICKUNLOCK on {1}" = "{0} usó NICKUNLOCK en {1}"
+"{0} used SQUIT on {1}" = "{0} usó SQUIT en {1}"
+"{0} used SAMODE: {1}" = "{0} usó SAMODE: {1}"
+"{0} used SATOPIC on {1}" = "{0} usó SATOPIC en {1}"
+"{0} used SAKICK on {1} in {2}" = "{0} usó SAKICK en {1} en {2}"
+"{0} used SAQUIT on {1}: {2}" = "{0} usó SAQUIT en {1}: {2}"
+"{0} used CHGNAME on {1}: {2}" = "{0} usó CHGNAME en {1}: {2}"
+"{0} used CLEARCHAN on {1}" = "{0} usó CLEARCHAN en {1}"
+"{0} used SWHOIS on {1}: {2}" = "{0} usó SWHOIS en {1}: {2}"
+"{0} is already banned on {1}" = "{0} ya está vetado en {1}"
+"[Knock] {0} is knocking: {1}" = "[Knock] {0} está llamando: {1}"
+"Channel invite list is full" = "La lista de invitaciones del canal está llena"
+"Your invite to {0} was revoked" = "Tu invitación a {0} fue revocada"
+"{0} renamed to {1} by {2}" = "{0} renombrado a {1} por {2}"
+"SSLINFO {0}: TLS={1} certfp={2}" = "SSLINFO {0}: TLS={1} certfp={2}"
+"{0} did a /WHOIS on you" = "{0} te hizo un /WHOIS"
+"Cannot message {0}: a TLS connection is required (+z)" = "No se puede enviar mensaje a {0}: se requiere una conexión TLS (+z)"
+"{0} IRC network" = "Red IRC {0}"
+"Your vhost is now {0}" = "Tu vhost ahora es {0}"
+"Your SIGNORE list is full ({0} max)." = "Tu lista SIGNORE está llena ({0} máx.)."
+"SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 added — you and they can no longer see each other's messages." = "SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 añadido — tú y esa persona ya no podéis ver los mensajes del otro."
+"SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 removed." = "SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 eliminado."
+"{0} (Flagged by the spam filter; network operators have been notified.)" = "{0} (Detectado por el filtro antispam; se ha notificado a los operadores de la red.)"
+"User {0} had an /amsg or /ame blocked" = "Al usuario {0} se le bloqueó un /amsg o /ame"
+"Cloudflare Challenge: {0}" = "Cloudflare Challenge: {0}"
+"connect class {0} is full ({1})" = "la clase de conexión {0} está llena ({1})"
+"connect class {0} refused {1}: {2}" = "la clase de conexión {0} rechazó {1}: {2}"
+"TITLE: you are now known as \"{0}\"." = "TITLE: ahora se le conoce como \"{0}\"."
+"Your DCC to {0} was blocked; they must /DCCALLOW +{1} first." = "Su DCC a {0} fue bloqueado; primero debe hacer /DCCALLOW +{1}."
+"{0} tried to send you {1} — blocked. /DCCALLOW +{2} to allow it, then ask them to resend." = "{0} intentó enviarle {1} — bloqueado. Haga /DCCALLOW +{2} para permitirlo, y luego pídale que lo reenvíe."
+"oper type '{0}' is not defined — granting full access" = "el tipo de operador '{0}' no está definido — otorgando acceso completo"
+"{0} hashed password: {1}" = "contraseña cifrada con {0}: {1}"
+"Unknown hash '{0}' (try md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, pbkdf2, bcrypt)" = "hash desconocido '{0}' (pruebe md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, pbkdf2, bcrypt)"
+"REPUTATION {0} ({1}) set to {2}" = "REPUTATION {0} ({1}) establecido en {2}"
+"RMODE: removed {0} +{1} entr{2} from {3}" = "RMODE: eliminó {0} entr{2} +{1} de {3}"
+"{0} is in security groups: {1}" = "{0} está en los grupos de seguridad: {1}"
+"{0}: file not available." = "{0}: archivo no disponible."
+"To cut spam, answer this to send your message — what is {0} {1} {2} ?" = "Para reducir el spam, responda esto para enviar su mensaje — ¿cuánto es {0} {1} {2} ?"
+"TLINE: {0} matches {1} of {2} local users ({3}%)" = "TLINE: {0} coincide con {1} de {2} usuarios locales ({3}%)"
+"RPC initiated a link to {0}" = "RPC inició un enlace hacia {0}"
+"slow event: a command took {0}ms on the core thread" = "evento lento: un comando tardó {0}ms en el hilo principal"
+"Could not hash with '{0}'" = "No se pudo cifrar con '{0}'"
+"Link denied: {0}" = "Enlace denegado: {0}"
+"End of channel {0}" = "Fin de {0} del canal"
+"{0} is now known as {1}" = "{0} ahora se conoce como {1}"
+"FILTER rejected ({0})" = "FILTER rechazado ({0})"
+"{0} added FILTER {1} (engine={2} action={3})" = "{0} añadió FILTER {1} (engine={2} action={3})"
+"XLINE: {0} added a {1}: {2}" = "XLINE: {0} añadió un {1}: {2}"
+"XLINE: {0} removed a {1}" = "XLINE: {0} eliminó un {1}"
+"XLINE: {0}-line on {1} expired" = "XLINE: la {0}-line sobre {1} ha expirado"
+
 # --- avisos / desafíos ---
 "*** Cloudflare Challenge: verification successful — you may continue." = "*** Desafío de Cloudflare: verificación exitosa — puedes continuar."
 "*** Correct — you may now message freely; please resend your message." = "*** Correcto — ya puedes enviar mensajes libremente; por favor reenvía tu mensaje."
diff --git a/lang/fr.conf b/lang/fr.conf
index 5acd99e..a37ba79 100644
--- a/lang/fr.conf
+++ b/lang/fr.conf
@@ -31,6 +31,63 @@
 "{0} created channel {1}" = "{0} a créé le salon {1}"
 "{0} used OJOIN to enter {1}" = "{0} a utilisé OJOIN pour entrer dans {1}"
 
+# --- commandes oper : SA*/CHG/XLINE/FILTER/RLINE/etc. (prose dynamique) ---
+"GLOBOPS from {0}: {1}" = "GLOBOPS de {0} : {1}"
+"{0}-line not found: {1}" = "ligne {0} introuvable : {1}"
+"R-line not found: {0}" = "ligne R introuvable : {0}"
+"Invalid RLINE regex: {0}" = "expression régulière RLINE invalide : {0}"
+"{0} used NICKLOCK on {1}" = "{0} a utilisé NICKLOCK sur {1}"
+"{0} used NICKUNLOCK on {1}" = "{0} a utilisé NICKUNLOCK sur {1}"
+"{0} used SQUIT on {1}" = "{0} a utilisé SQUIT sur {1}"
+"{0} used SAMODE: {1}" = "{0} a utilisé SAMODE : {1}"
+"{0} used SATOPIC on {1}" = "{0} a utilisé SATOPIC sur {1}"
+"{0} used SAKICK on {1} in {2}" = "{0} a utilisé SAKICK sur {1} dans {2}"
+"{0} used SAQUIT on {1}: {2}" = "{0} a utilisé SAQUIT sur {1} : {2}"
+"{0} used CHGNAME on {1}: {2}" = "{0} a utilisé CHGNAME sur {1} : {2}"
+"{0} used CLEARCHAN on {1}" = "{0} a utilisé CLEARCHAN sur {1}"
+"{0} used SWHOIS on {1}: {2}" = "{0} a utilisé SWHOIS sur {1} : {2}"
+"{0} is already banned on {1}" = "{0} est déjà banni sur {1}"
+"[Knock] {0} is knocking: {1}" = "[Knock] {0} frappe à la porte : {1}"
+"Channel invite list is full" = "La liste d'invitations du salon est pleine"
+"Your invite to {0} was revoked" = "Votre invitation à {0} a été révoquée"
+"{0} renamed to {1} by {2}" = "{0} renommé en {1} par {2}"
+"SSLINFO {0}: TLS={1} certfp={2}" = "SSLINFO {0} : TLS={1} certfp={2}"
+"{0} did a /WHOIS on you" = "{0} a fait un /WHOIS sur vous"
+"Cannot message {0}: a TLS connection is required (+z)" = "Impossible d'envoyer un message à {0} : une connexion TLS est requise (+z)"
+"{0} IRC network" = "Réseau IRC {0}"
+"Your vhost is now {0}" = "Votre vhost est maintenant {0}"
+"Your SIGNORE list is full ({0} max)." = "Votre liste SIGNORE est pleine ({0} max)."
+"SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 added — you and they can no longer see each other's messages." = "SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 ajouté — vous et cette personne ne pouvez plus voir vos messages respectifs."
+"SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 removed." = "SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 retiré."
+"{0} (Flagged by the spam filter; network operators have been notified.)" = "{0} (Signalé par le filtre anti-spam ; les opérateurs du réseau ont été avertis.)"
+"User {0} had an /amsg or /ame blocked" = "L'utilisateur {0} a eu un /amsg ou /ame bloqué"
+"Cloudflare Challenge: {0}" = "Cloudflare Challenge : {0}"
+"connect class {0} is full ({1})" = "la classe de connexion {0} est pleine ({1})"
+"connect class {0} refused {1}: {2}" = "la classe de connexion {0} a refusé {1} : {2}"
+"TITLE: you are now known as \"{0}\"." = "TITLE : vous êtes désormais connu sous le nom de « {0} »."
+"Your DCC to {0} was blocked; they must /DCCALLOW +{1} first." = "Votre DCC vers {0} a été bloqué ; il doit d'abord faire /DCCALLOW +{1}."
+"{0} tried to send you {1} — blocked. /DCCALLOW +{2} to allow it, then ask them to resend." = "{0} a tenté de vous envoyer {1} — bloqué. Faites /DCCALLOW +{2} pour l'autoriser, puis demandez-lui de renvoyer."
+"oper type '{0}' is not defined — granting full access" = "le type d'opérateur '{0}' n'est pas défini — octroi d'un accès complet"
+"{0} hashed password: {1}" = "mot de passe haché en {0} : {1}"
+"Unknown hash '{0}' (try md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, pbkdf2, bcrypt)" = "hachage inconnu '{0}' (essayez md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, pbkdf2, bcrypt)"
+"REPUTATION {0} ({1}) set to {2}" = "REPUTATION {0} ({1}) réglé sur {2}"
+"RMODE: removed {0} +{1} entr{2} from {3}" = "RMODE : a supprimé {0} entr{2} +{1} de {3}"
+"{0} is in security groups: {1}" = "{0} est dans les groupes de sécurité : {1}"
+"{0}: file not available." = "{0} : fichier non disponible."
+"To cut spam, answer this to send your message — what is {0} {1} {2} ?" = "Pour limiter le spam, répondez à ceci pour envoyer votre message — combien font {0} {1} {2} ?"
+"TLINE: {0} matches {1} of {2} local users ({3}%)" = "TLINE : {0} correspond à {1} des {2} utilisateurs locaux ({3}%)"
+"RPC initiated a link to {0}" = "RPC a initié une liaison vers {0}"
+"slow event: a command took {0}ms on the core thread" = "événement lent : une commande a pris {0}ms sur le thread principal"
+"Could not hash with '{0}'" = "Impossible de hacher avec '{0}'"
+"Link denied: {0}" = "Lien refusé : {0}"
+"End of channel {0}" = "Fin de {0} du salon"
+"{0} is now known as {1}" = "{0} est maintenant connu sous le nom de {1}"
+"FILTER rejected ({0})" = "FILTER rejeté ({0})"
+"{0} added FILTER {1} (engine={2} action={3})" = "{0} a ajouté FILTER {1} (engine={2} action={3})"
+"XLINE: {0} added a {1}: {2}" = "XLINE : {0} a ajouté un {1} : {2}"
+"XLINE: {0} removed a {1}" = "XLINE : {0} a supprimé un {1}"
+"XLINE: {0}-line on {1} expired" = "XLINE : la {0}-line sur {1} a expiré"
+
 # --- notices / défis ---
 "*** Cloudflare Challenge: verification successful — you may continue." = "*** Défi Cloudflare : vérification réussie — vous pouvez continuer."
 "*** Correct — you may now message freely; please resend your message." = "*** Correct — vous pouvez maintenant envoyer des messages librement ; veuillez renvoyer votre message."
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_channel.rs b/src/coremods/core_channel.rs
index 65891ba..c36082f 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_channel.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_channel.rs
@@ -66,12 +66,10 @@ impl Command for Tban {
             (u.nick.clone(), u.prefix())
         };
         if s.channels[&key].bans.iter().any(|b| b.mask == mask) {
+            let m = s.trf("{0} is already banned on {1}", &[mask.as_str(), chan.as_str()]);
             s.send(
                 uid,
-                format!(
-                    ":{} NOTICE {nick} :{mask} is already banned on {chan}",
-                    s.name
-                ),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name),
             );
             return CmdResult::Fail;
         }
@@ -127,12 +125,10 @@ impl Command for Knock {
             .cloned()
             .unwrap_or_else(|| "requesting an invite".to_string());
         let who = s.users[&uid].prefix();
+        let m = s.trf("[Knock] {0} is knocking: {1}", &[who.as_str(), reason.as_str()]);
         s.to_channel(
             &key,
-            &format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {chan} :[Knock] {who} is knocking: {reason}",
-                s.name
-            ),
+            &format!(":{} NOTICE {chan} :{m}", s.name),
             None,
         );
         s.numeric(
@@ -314,9 +310,10 @@ impl Command for Invite {
         let maxinv = s.conf_num("maxinvites", 100usize);
         if s.channels[&key].invites.len() >= maxinv && !s.channels[&key].invites.contains(&tuid) {
             let nick = s.users.get(&uid).map(|u| u.nick.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+            let m = s.trf("Channel invite list is full", &[]);
             s.send(
                 uid,
-                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{chan} :Channel invite list is full", s.name),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{chan} :{m}", s.name),
             );
             return CmdResult::Fail;
         }
@@ -408,12 +405,10 @@ impl Command for Uninvite {
             format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{who} {word} {chan}", s.name),
         );
         if removed {
+            let m = s.trf("Your invite to {0} was revoked", &[chan.as_str()]);
             s.send(
                 tuid,
-                format!(
-                    ":{} NOTICE {who} :Your invite to {chan} was revoked",
-                    s.name
-                ),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {who} :{m}", s.name),
             );
         }
         CmdResult::Ok
@@ -563,7 +558,8 @@ impl Command for Rename {
             s.fail(uid, "RENAME", "CANNOT_RENAME", "The channel cannot be renamed.");
             return CmdResult::Fail;
         }
-        s.snotice_c('a', &format!("{oldname} renamed to {new} by {prefix}"));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} renamed to {1} by {2}", &[oldname.as_str(), new.as_str(), prefix.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('a', &m);
         s.propagate_rename(&uuid, &oldname, new, &reason, None);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_extra.rs b/src/coremods/core_extra.rs
index 43dae82..00472e1 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_extra.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_extra.rs
@@ -245,7 +245,9 @@ impl Command for Admin {
             RPL_ADMINME,
             &format!("{} :Administrative info", s.name),
         );
-        s.numeric(uid, RPL_ADMINLOC1, &format!(":{} IRC network", s.network));
+        let network = s.network.clone();
+        let m = s.trf("{0} IRC network", &[network.as_str()]);
+        s.numeric(uid, RPL_ADMINLOC1, &format!(":{m}"));
         s.numeric(
             uid,
             RPL_ADMINLOC2,
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_info.rs b/src/coremods/core_info.rs
index b66d146..91d347e 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_info.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_info.rs
@@ -53,12 +53,10 @@ impl Command for SslInfo {
         };
         let tls = if secure { "yes" } else { "no" };
         let fp = certfp.unwrap_or_else(|| "none".to_string());
+        let m = s.trf("SSLINFO {0}: TLS={1} certfp={2}", &[nick.as_str(), tls, fp.as_str()]);
         s.send(
             uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {asker} :SSLINFO {nick}: TLS={tls} certfp={fp}",
-                s.name
-            ),
+            format!(":{} NOTICE {asker} :{m}", s.name),
         );
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
@@ -437,9 +435,10 @@ impl Command for Whois {
         // +W showwhois — tell the target that someone looked them up
         if showwhois && !is_self {
             let by = s.users.get(&uid).map(|u| u.prefix()).unwrap_or_default();
+            let m = s.trf("{0} did a /WHOIS on you", &[by.as_str()]);
             s.send(
                 tuid,
-                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {by} did a /WHOIS on you", s.name),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name),
             );
         }
         s.numeric(uid, RPL_ENDOFWHOIS, &format!("{nick} :End of /WHOIS list"));
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_message.rs b/src/coremods/core_message.rs
index 854f69a..6df0868 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_message.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_message.rs
@@ -543,12 +543,10 @@ pub(crate) fn deliver(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, params: &[String], notice: bool)
                         .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
                         .unwrap_or_default(),
                 );
+                let m = s.trf("Cannot message {0}: a TLS connection is required (+z)", &[tn.as_str()]);
                 s.send(
                     uid,
-                    format!(
-                        ":{} NOTICE {sn} :Cannot message {tn}: a TLS connection is required (+z)",
-                        s.name
-                    ),
+                    format!(":{} NOTICE {sn} :{m}", s.name),
                 );
             }
             return CmdResult::Fail;
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_oper.rs b/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
index f2ada87..b430be5 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
@@ -398,14 +398,12 @@ impl Command for GlobOps {
             .filter(|(_, u)| u.flags.oper)
             .map(|(&u, _)| u)
             .collect();
+        let m = s.trf("GLOBOPS from {0}: {1}", &[from.as_str(), params[0].as_str()]);
         for o in opers {
             let nick = s.users.get(&o).map(|u| u.nick.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
             s.send(
                 o,
-                format!(
-                    ":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** GLOBOPS from {from}: {}",
-                    s.name, params[0]
-                ),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name),
             );
         }
         CmdResult::Ok
@@ -731,9 +729,10 @@ fn do_xline(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, params: &[String], kind: XKind) -> CmdResu
         if s.remove_xline(kind, &mask, &nick) {
             s.propagate_delline(kind.tag(), &mask);
         } else {
+            let m = s.trf("{0}-line not found: {1}", &[kind.tag(), mask.as_str()]);
             s.send(
                 uid,
-                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{}-line not found: {mask}", s.name, kind.tag()),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name),
             );
         }
         return CmdResult::Ok;
@@ -878,17 +877,20 @@ impl Command for Rline {
             if s.remove_xline(XKind::Rline, &pattern, &nick) {
                 s.propagate_delline("R", &pattern);
             } else {
+                let m = s.trf("R-line not found: {0}", &[pattern.as_str()]);
                 s.send(
                     uid,
-                    format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :R-line not found: {pattern}", s.name),
+                    format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name),
                 );
             }
             return CmdResult::Ok;
         }
         if let Err(e) = crate::regex::Regex::new(&pattern) {
+            let e = e.to_string();
+            let m = s.trf("Invalid RLINE regex: {0}", &[e.as_str()]);
             s.send(
                 uid,
-                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :Invalid RLINE regex: {e}", s.name),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name),
             );
             return CmdResult::Fail;
         }
@@ -952,7 +954,8 @@ impl Command for NickLock {
             u.flags.nick_locked = true;
         }
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used NICKLOCK on {newnick}"));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used NICKLOCK on {1}", &[by.as_str(), newnick.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -977,7 +980,8 @@ impl Command for NickUnlock {
             u.flags.nick_locked = false;
         }
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used NICKUNLOCK on {}", params[0]));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used NICKUNLOCK on {1}", &[by.as_str(), params[0].as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -1049,7 +1053,8 @@ impl Command for Squit {
             return CmdResult::Fail;
         };
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('l', &format!("{by} used SQUIT on {name}"));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used SQUIT on {1}", &[by.as_str(), name.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('l', &m);
         s.close_link(via, &format!("SQUIT from {by}"));
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
@@ -1209,7 +1214,9 @@ impl Command for SaMode {
         let r = apply_mode(s, uid, params);
         s.mode_sudo = false;
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used SAMODE: {}", params.join(" ")));
+        let joined = params.join(" ");
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used SAMODE: {1}", &[by.as_str(), joined.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         r
     }
 }
@@ -1248,7 +1255,8 @@ impl Command for SaTopic {
         s.to_channel(&key, &format!(":{prefix} TOPIC {chan} :{text}"), None);
         s.propagate_topic(uid, chan, &text);
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used SATOPIC on {chan}"));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used SATOPIC on {1}", &[by.as_str(), chan.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -1313,7 +1321,8 @@ impl Command for SaKick {
         s.events
             .push_back(Hook::Part(tuid, key, "kicked".to_string()));
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used SAKICK on {victim} in {chan}"));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used SAKICK on {1} in {2}", &[by.as_str(), victim.as_str(), chan.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -1343,7 +1352,8 @@ impl Command for SaQuit {
         s.send(tuid, format!("ERROR :Closing link: (SAQUIT: {reason})"));
         s.remove_user(tuid, &format!("Quit: {reason}"));
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used SAQUIT on {}: {reason}", params[0]));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used SAQUIT on {1}: {2}", &[by.as_str(), params[0].as_str(), reason.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -1379,7 +1389,8 @@ impl Command for ChgName {
         }
         s.notify_peers(t, &line, |c| c.setname);
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used CHGNAME on {}: {realname}", params[0]));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used CHGNAME on {1}: {2}", &[by.as_str(), params[0].as_str(), realname.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -1436,7 +1447,8 @@ impl Command for ClearChan {
         }
         s.channels.retain(|_, c| c.keep_alive());
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used CLEARCHAN on {chan}"));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used CLEARCHAN on {1}", &[by.as_str(), chan.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
@@ -1553,7 +1565,8 @@ impl Command for SwhoisCmd {
             }
         }
         let by = oper_nick(s, uid);
-        s.snotice_c('v', &format!("{by} used SWHOIS on {}: {text}", params[0]));
+        let m = s.trf("{0} used SWHOIS on {1}: {2}", &[by.as_str(), params[0].as_str(), text.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('v', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_user.rs b/src/coremods/core_user.rs
index c7ab02b..55375f2 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_user.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_user.rs
@@ -60,9 +60,10 @@ impl Command for Vhost {
         match host {
             Some(h) => {
                 s.change_host_ident(uid, None, Some(&h));
+                let m = s.trf("Your vhost is now {0}", &[h.as_str()]);
                 s.send(
                     uid,
-                    format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :Your vhost is now {h}", s.name),
+                    format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name),
                 );
             }
             None => {
diff --git a/src/coremods/core_watch.rs b/src/coremods/core_watch.rs
index dff4a73..ed60836 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_watch.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_watch.rs
@@ -351,7 +351,9 @@ impl Command for Signore {
                 .map(|u| u.signore.len() >= max && !u.signore.contains(&mask))
                 .unwrap_or(true);
             if full {
-                s.send(uid, format!(":{sn} NOTICE {nick} :Your SIGNORE list is full ({max} max)."));
+                let maxs = max.to_string();
+                let m = s.trf("Your SIGNORE list is full ({0} max).", &[maxs.as_str()]);
+                s.send(uid, format!(":{sn} NOTICE {nick} :{m}"));
                 return CmdResult::Fail;
             }
             if let Some(u) = s.users.get_mut(&uid) {
@@ -359,12 +361,14 @@ impl Command for Signore {
                     u.signore.push(mask.clone());
                 }
             }
-            s.send(uid, format!(":{sn} NOTICE {nick} :SIGNORE \x02{mask}\x02 added — you and they can no longer see each other's messages."));
+            let m = s.trf("SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 added — you and they can no longer see each other's messages.", &[mask.as_str()]);
+            s.send(uid, format!(":{sn} NOTICE {nick} :{m}"));
         } else {
             if let Some(u) = s.users.get_mut(&uid) {
                 u.signore.retain(|x| x != &mask);
             }
-            s.send(uid, format!(":{sn} NOTICE {nick} :SIGNORE \x02{mask}\x02 removed."));
+            let m = s.trf("SIGNORE \x02{0}\x02 removed.", &[mask.as_str()]);
+            s.send(uid, format!(":{sn} NOTICE {nick} :{m}"));
         }
         // Persist the change to the user's services account (no-op if not logged in).
         s.push_signore_to_services(uid);
diff --git a/src/i18n.rs b/src/i18n.rs
index e5753db..e3088ad 100644
--- a/src/i18n.rs
+++ b/src/i18n.rs
@@ -231,6 +231,20 @@ fn read_quoted(s: &str) -> Option<(String, &str)> {
                 't' => out.push('\t'),
                 '"' => out.push('"'),
                 '\\' => out.push('\\'),
+                // \xNN — a raw byte, so IRC formatting controls (e.g. \x02 bold) in a
+                // msgid match the literal byte the source `"\x02"` compiles to.
+                'x' => {
+                    let (h1, h2) = (chars.next()?.1, chars.next()?.1);
+                    match u8::from_str_radix(&format!("{h1}{h2}"), 16) {
+                        Ok(b) => out.push(b as char),
+                        Err(_) => {
+                            out.push('\\');
+                            out.push('x');
+                            out.push(h1);
+                            out.push(h2);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
                 other => {
                     out.push('\\');
                     out.push(other);
diff --git a/src/ircd.rs b/src/ircd.rs
index edf21da..2815428 100644
--- a/src/ircd.rs
+++ b/src/ircd.rs
@@ -175,8 +175,11 @@ impl Ircd {
             busy.store(0, Ordering::Relaxed);
             let ms = start.elapsed().as_millis() as u64;
             if slow_ms != 0 && ms >= slow_ms {
-                self.server
-                    .snotice(&format!("slow event: a command took {ms}ms on the core thread"));
+                let ms_s = ms.to_string();
+                let m = self
+                    .server
+                    .trf("slow event: a command took {0}ms on the core thread", &[ms_s.as_str()]);
+                self.server.snotice(&m);
             }
         }
     }
@@ -260,11 +263,16 @@ impl Ircd {
                     .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
                     .unwrap_or_default();
                 let line = match hash {
-                    Some(h) => format!(
-                        ":{} NOTICE {nick} :{algo} hashed password: {h}",
-                        self.server.name
-                    ),
-                    None => format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :Could not hash with '{algo}'", self.server.name),
+                    Some(h) => {
+                        let m = self
+                            .server
+                            .trf("{0} hashed password: {1}", &[algo.as_str(), h.as_str()]);
+                        format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", self.server.name)
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        let m = self.server.trf("Could not hash with '{0}'", &[algo.as_str()]);
+                        format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", self.server.name)
+                    }
                 };
                 self.server.send(uid, line);
             }
diff --git a/src/link.rs b/src/link.rs
index 21703f7..ad7e7c4 100644
--- a/src/link.rs
+++ b/src/link.rs
@@ -340,7 +340,8 @@ impl Server {
     }
 
     fn reject_link(&mut self, uid: Uid, why: &str) {
-        self.link_out(uid, format!("ERROR :Link denied: {why}"));
+        let m = self.trf("Link denied: {0}", &[why]);
+        self.link_out(uid, format!("ERROR :{m}"));
         eprintln!("[link] rejected {uid}: {why}");
         self.close_link(uid, why);
     }
diff --git a/src/mode.rs b/src/mode.rs
index a306683..78c1650 100644
--- a/src/mode.rs
+++ b/src/mode.rs
@@ -726,7 +726,8 @@ impl ChanMode for ListMode {
             for (m, setter, ts) in rows {
                 s.numeric(uid, entry_num, &format!("{chan} {m} {setter} {ts}"));
             }
-            s.numeric(uid, end_num, &format!("{chan} :End of channel {noun}"));
+            let m = s.trf("End of channel {0}", &[noun]);
+            s.numeric(uid, end_num, &format!("{chan} :{m}"));
             return Applied::No;
         };
         // autoop (+w) embeds a status prefix to grant on join, applied under server
diff --git a/src/modules/antimixedutf8.rs b/src/modules/antimixedutf8.rs
index b2957db..febd288 100644
--- a/src/modules/antimixedutf8.rs
+++ b/src/modules/antimixedutf8.rs
@@ -285,12 +285,14 @@ impl Module for AntiMixedUtf8 {
 
         // Notify the sender even for punitive actions: the writer flushes queued
         // lines before a disconnect.
+        let block_msg = srv.amu.block_msg.clone();
+        let m = srv.trf(
+            "{0} (Flagged by the spam filter; network operators have been notified.)",
+            &[block_msg.as_str()],
+        );
         srv.send(
             uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {} (Flagged by the spam filter; network operators have been notified.)",
-                srv.name, srv.amu.block_msg
-            ),
+            format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", srv.name),
         );
 
         let action = srv.amu.action.to_ascii_lowercase();
diff --git a/src/modules/blockamsg.rs b/src/modules/blockamsg.rs
index 6fe5093..11f80b1 100644
--- a/src/modules/blockamsg.rs
+++ b/src/modules/blockamsg.rs
@@ -90,7 +90,8 @@ impl Module for BlockAmsg {
         let notify_opers = matches!(action.as_str(), "killopers" | "noticeopers" | "zlineopers");
         if notify_opers {
             let mask = srv.users.get(&uid).map(|u| u.prefix()).unwrap_or_default();
-            srv.snotice(&format!("User {mask} had an /amsg or /ame blocked"));
+            let m = srv.trf("User {0} had an /amsg or /ame blocked", &[mask.as_str()]);
+            srv.snotice(&m);
         }
         let reason = "Attempted to global message (/amsg or /ame)";
         match action.as_str() {
diff --git a/src/modules/cloudflare_challenge.rs b/src/modules/cloudflare_challenge.rs
index 8aab8c6..4beb182 100644
--- a/src/modules/cloudflare_challenge.rs
+++ b/src/modules/cloudflare_challenge.rs
@@ -158,9 +158,10 @@ impl Command for VerifyChallenge {
             .unwrap_or_default();
 
         let fail = |s: &mut Server, why: &str| {
+            let m = s.trf("Cloudflare Challenge: {0}", &[why]);
             s.send(
                 uid,
-                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** Cloudflare Challenge: {why}", s.name),
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name),
             );
             CmdResult::Fail
         };
diff --git a/src/modules/connclass.rs b/src/modules/connclass.rs
index e773cb2..f36de1d 100644
--- a/src/modules/connclass.rs
+++ b/src/modules/connclass.rs
@@ -289,7 +289,9 @@ fn pick(
         if let Some(max) = c.limit {
             if class_count(s, &c.name, uid) >= max {
                 if c.maxconnwarn {
-                    s.snotice_c('c', &format!("connect class {} is full ({max})", c.name));
+                    let max_s = max.to_string();
+                    let m = s.trf("connect class {0} is full ({1})", &[c.name.as_str(), max_s.as_str()]);
+                    s.snotice_c('c', &m);
                 }
                 continue; // full — try the next class
             }
@@ -355,7 +357,11 @@ pub fn assign(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid) -> Option<String> {
     };
     let warn = |s: &Server, why: &str| {
         if class.maxconnwarn {
-            s.snotice_c('c', &format!("connect class {} refused {ip}: {why}", class.name));
+            let m = s.trf(
+                "connect class {0} refused {1}: {2}",
+                &[class.name.as_str(), ip.as_str(), why],
+            );
+            s.snotice_c('c', &m);
         }
     };
     if let Some(max) = class.localmax {
diff --git a/src/modules/customtitle.rs b/src/modules/customtitle.rs
index 0881df4..222b99a 100644
--- a/src/modules/customtitle.rs
+++ b/src/modules/customtitle.rs
@@ -45,9 +45,10 @@ pub fn grant(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, title: &str, vhost: &str) {
         s.change_host_ident(uid, None, Some(vhost));
     }
     let nick = nick(s, uid);
+    let m = s.trf("TITLE: you are now known as \"{0}\".", &[title]);
     s.send(
         uid,
-        format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** TITLE: you are now known as \"{title}\".", s.name),
+        format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name),
     );
 }
 
diff --git a/src/modules/dccallow.rs b/src/modules/dccallow.rs
index 9582606..d90b291 100644
--- a/src/modules/dccallow.rs
+++ b/src/modules/dccallow.rs
@@ -117,19 +117,21 @@ impl Module for DccAllow {
             return ModResult::Passthru;
         }
         let tnick = s.users.get(&tuid).map(|u| u.nick.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
+        let m1 = s.trf(
+            "Your DCC to {0} was blocked; they must /DCCALLOW +{1} first.",
+            &[tnick.as_str(), sender.as_str()],
+        );
         s.send(
             uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {sender} :*** Your DCC to {tnick} was blocked; they must /DCCALLOW +{sender} first.",
-                s.name
-            ),
+            format!(":{} NOTICE {sender} :*** {m1}", s.name),
+        );
+        let m2 = s.trf(
+            "{0} tried to send you {1} — blocked. /DCCALLOW +{2} to allow it, then ask them to resend.",
+            &[sender.as_str(), what.as_str(), sender.as_str()],
         );
         s.send(
             tuid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {tnick} :*** {sender} tried to send you {what} — blocked. /DCCALLOW +{sender} to allow it, then ask them to resend.",
-                s.name
-            ),
+            format!(":{} NOTICE {tnick} :*** {m2}", s.name),
         );
         ModResult::Deny
     }
diff --git a/src/modules/filter.rs b/src/modules/filter.rs
index 1bb4bde..f1e05a9 100644
--- a/src/modules/filter.rs
+++ b/src/modules/filter.rs
@@ -185,14 +185,20 @@ impl Command for FilterCmd {
                     let filter = match SpamFilter::new(pattern.clone(), engine.clone(), action.clone(), duration, reason) {
                         Ok(f) => f,
                         Err(e) => {
-                            s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :FILTER rejected ({e})", s.name));
+                            let e_s = e.to_string();
+                            let m = s.trf("FILTER rejected ({0})", &[e_s.as_str()]);
+                            s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name));
                             return CmdResult::Fail;
                         }
                     };
                     let f = s.ext.get_or_insert_with::<Filters>(Filters::default);
                     f.0.retain(|r| r.pattern != pattern);
                     f.0.push(filter);
-                    s.snotice_c('f', &format!("{nick} added FILTER {pattern} (engine={engine} action={action})"));
+                    let m = s.trf(
+                        "{0} added FILTER {1} (engine={2} action={3})",
+                        &[nick.as_str(), pattern.as_str(), engine.as_str(), action.as_str()],
+                    );
+                    s.snotice_c('f', &m);
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/modules/globops.rs b/src/modules/globops.rs
index b74b65b..bd3d0bc 100644
--- a/src/modules/globops.rs
+++ b/src/modules/globops.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,9 @@ impl Command for GlobopsCmd {
             return CmdResult::Fail;
         }
         let nick = s.users.get(&uid).map(|u| u.nick.clone()).unwrap_or_default();
-        s.snotice_c('g', &format!("GLOBOPS from {nick}: {}", params.join(" ")));
+        let body = params.join(" ");
+        let m = s.trf("GLOBOPS from {0}: {1}", &[nick.as_str(), body.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('g', &m);
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/opertypes.rs b/src/modules/opertypes.rs
index 77e3667..ca2b4c2 100644
--- a/src/modules/opertypes.rs
+++ b/src/modules/opertypes.rs
@@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ pub fn apply(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, type_id: Option<&str>) {
         return;
     };
     let Some(r) = with_resolved(s, |m| m.get(&id).cloned()) else {
-        s.snotice_c('o', &format!("oper type '{id}' is not defined — granting full access"));
+        let m = s.trf("oper type '{0}' is not defined — granting full access", &[id.as_str()]);
+        s.snotice_c('o', &m);
         return;
     };
     if !r.modes.is_empty() {
diff --git a/src/modules/password_hash.rs b/src/modules/password_hash.rs
index 7f75f89..03a9726 100644
--- a/src/modules/password_hash.rs
+++ b/src/modules/password_hash.rs
@@ -199,23 +199,16 @@ impl Command for MkPasswd {
         }
         match make(&algo, &pass) {
             Some(hashed) => {
-                s.send(
-                    uid,
-                    format!(
-                        ":{} NOTICE {nick} :{algo} hashed password: {hashed}",
-                        s.name
-                    ),
-                );
+                let m = s.trf("{0} hashed password: {1}", &[algo.as_str(), hashed.as_str()]);
+                s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name));
                 CmdResult::Ok
             }
             None => {
-                s.send(
-                    uid,
-                    format!(
-                        ":{} NOTICE {nick} :Unknown hash '{algo}' (try md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, pbkdf2, bcrypt)",
-                        s.name
-                    ),
+                let m = s.trf(
+                    "Unknown hash '{0}' (try md5, sha1, sha256, sha512, pbkdf2, bcrypt)",
+                    &[algo.as_str()],
                 );
+                s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name));
                 CmdResult::Fail
             }
         }
diff --git a/src/modules/reputation.rs b/src/modules/reputation.rs
index 6fd51ab..f766a2e 100644
--- a/src/modules/reputation.rs
+++ b/src/modules/reputation.rs
@@ -289,13 +289,13 @@ impl Command for ReputationCmd {
             e.score = val.min(cap);
             e.last_seen = n;
             save(s);
-            s.send(
-                uid,
-                format!(
-                    ":{} NOTICE {anick} :REPUTATION {nick} ({k}) set to {val}",
-                    s.name
-                ),
+            let ks = k.to_string();
+            let vals = val.to_string();
+            let m = s.trf(
+                "REPUTATION {0} ({1}) set to {2}",
+                &[nick.as_str(), ks.as_str(), vals.as_str()],
             );
+            s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {anick} :{m}", s.name));
         } else {
             let score = score_of(s, tuid);
             s.send(
diff --git a/src/modules/rmode.rs b/src/modules/rmode.rs
index 8bfb40b..222e53e 100644
--- a/src/modules/rmode.rs
+++ b/src/modules/rmode.rs
@@ -99,13 +99,13 @@ impl Command for RMode {
             .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
             .unwrap_or_default();
         let plural = if removed == 1 { "y" } else { "ies" };
-        s.send(
-            uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {nick} :RMODE: removed {removed} +{mode} entr{plural} from {chan}",
-                s.name
-            ),
+        let removeds = removed.to_string();
+        let modes = mode.to_string();
+        let m = s.trf(
+            "RMODE: removed {0} +{1} entr{2} from {3}",
+            &[removeds.as_str(), modes.as_str(), plural, chan.as_str()],
         );
+        s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{m}", s.name));
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/rpc/server.rs b/src/modules/rpc/server.rs
index 304e713..683a264 100644
--- a/src/modules/rpc/server.rs
+++ b/src/modules/rpc/server.rs
@@ -61,7 +61,8 @@ pub fn handle(s: &mut Server, action: &str, params: &str) -> Result<String, RpcE
             std::thread::spawn(move || {
                 crate::socketengine::connect_link(&addr, tx, counter, max_line)
             });
-            s.snotice_c('l', &format!("RPC initiated a link to {}", b.name));
+            let m = s.trf("RPC initiated a link to {0}", &[b.name.as_str()]);
+            s.snotice_c('l', &m);
             Ok(obj(&[("result", "true".into())]))
         }
         "disconnect" => {
diff --git a/src/modules/securitygroups.rs b/src/modules/securitygroups.rs
index fec0e00..39cd54f 100644
--- a/src/modules/securitygroups.rs
+++ b/src/modules/securitygroups.rs
@@ -221,13 +221,8 @@ impl Command for SecGroupsCmd {
                 .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
                 .unwrap_or_default(),
         );
-        s.send(
-            uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {anick} :{tnick} is in security groups: {list}",
-                s.name
-            ),
-        );
+        let m = s.trf("{0} is in security groups: {1}", &[tnick.as_str(), list.as_str()]);
+        s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {anick} :{m}", s.name));
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/showfile.rs b/src/modules/showfile.rs
index c50cb17..11cc52b 100644
--- a/src/modules/showfile.rs
+++ b/src/modules/showfile.rs
@@ -36,10 +36,10 @@ pub fn maybe_show(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, cmd: &str) -> bool {
                 s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{line}", s.name));
             }
         }
-        None => s.send(
-            uid,
-            format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {cmd}: file not available.", s.name),
-        ),
+        None => {
+            let m = s.trf("{0}: file not available.", &[cmd]);
+            s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name));
+        }
     }
     true
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/solvemsg.rs b/src/modules/solvemsg.rs
index a7eb140..6e95187 100644
--- a/src/modules/solvemsg.rs
+++ b/src/modules/solvemsg.rs
@@ -97,13 +97,13 @@ impl Module for SolveMsg {
                 answer: Some(ans),
             });
         }
-        s.send(
-            uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** To cut spam, answer this to send your message — what is {a} {sym} {b} ?",
-                s.name
-            ),
+        let as_ = a.to_string();
+        let bs = b.to_string();
+        let m = s.trf(
+            "To cut spam, answer this to send your message — what is {0} {1} {2} ?",
+            &[as_.as_str(), sym, bs.as_str()],
         );
+        s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name));
         ModResult::Deny
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/modules/tline.rs b/src/modules/tline.rs
index 5f638cf..50e36cc 100644
--- a/src/modules/tline.rs
+++ b/src/modules/tline.rs
@@ -48,13 +48,14 @@ impl Command for TLine {
             .get(&uid)
             .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
             .unwrap_or_default();
-        s.send(
-            uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** TLINE: {mask} matches {matched} of {total} local users ({pct}%)",
-                s.name
-            ),
+        let matcheds = matched.to_string();
+        let totals = total.to_string();
+        let pcts = pct.to_string();
+        let m = s.trf(
+            "TLINE: {0} matches {1} of {2} local users ({3}%)",
+            &[mask.as_str(), matcheds.as_str(), totals.as_str(), pcts.as_str()],
         );
+        s.send(uid, format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :*** {m}", s.name));
         CmdResult::Ok
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/users.rs b/src/users.rs
index 50520fd..7f79035 100644
--- a/src/users.rs
+++ b/src/users.rs
@@ -438,7 +438,8 @@ impl Server {
                 self.send(t, line.clone());
             }
             if self.conf_bool("seenicks", false) {
-                self.snotice_c('n', &format!("{old} is now known as {newnick}"));
+                let m = self.trf("{0} is now known as {1}", &[old.as_str(), newnick]);
+                self.snotice_c('n', &m);
             }
             // WATCH/MONITOR: the old nick is now gone, the new one is here
             self.watch_notify_offline(&old);
diff --git a/src/xline.rs b/src/xline.rs
index ab0d9ff..e1fa768 100644
--- a/src/xline.rs
+++ b/src/xline.rs
@@ -304,7 +304,8 @@ impl Server {
                 crate::server::long_date(expires)
             )
         };
-        self.snotice_c('x', &format!("XLINE: {setter} added a {detail}: {reason}"));
+        let m = self.trf("XLINE: {0} added a {1}: {2}", &[setter, detail.as_str(), reason]);
+        self.snotice_c('x', &m);
         self.save_xlines();
         self.enforce_xlines();
     }
@@ -335,7 +336,8 @@ impl Server {
                 Some(e) if e != 0 => format!("timed {tag}-line on {mask} (already expired)"),
                 _ => format!("permanent {tag}-line on {mask}"),
             };
-            self.snotice_c('x', &format!("XLINE: {remover} removed a {detail}"));
+            let m = self.trf("XLINE: {0} removed a {1}", &[remover, detail.as_str()]);
+            self.snotice_c('x', &m);
             self.save_xlines();
         }
         removed
@@ -383,7 +385,8 @@ impl Server {
         }
         self.xlines.retain(|x| x.expires == 0 || x.expires > n);
         for (kind, mask) in &expired {
-            self.snotice_c('x', &format!("XLINE: {}-line on {mask} expired", kind.tag()));
+            let m = self.trf("XLINE: {0}-line on {1} expired", &[kind.tag(), mask.as_str()]);
+            self.snotice_c('x', &m);
         }
         self.save_xlines(); // an expiry changed the set — persist it
     }