diff --git a/src/coremods/core_oper.rs b/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
index 3eaa444..f2ada87 100644
--- a/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
+++ b/src/coremods/core_oper.rs
@@ -726,20 +726,16 @@ fn do_xline(s: &mut Server, uid: Uid, params: &[String], kind: XKind) -> CmdResu
         .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
         .unwrap_or_default();
     if params.len() < 2 {
-        let word = if s.remove_xline(kind, &mask) {
+        // A successful removal is announced by remove_xline (snomask +x), same as the
+        // add; only tell the oper directly when there was nothing to remove.
+        if s.remove_xline(kind, &mask, &nick) {
             s.propagate_delline(kind.tag(), &mask);
-            "removed"
         } else {
-            "not found"
-        };
-        s.send(
-            uid,
-            format!(
-                ":{} NOTICE {nick} :{}-line {word}: {mask}",
-                s.name,
-                kind.tag()
-            ),
-        );
+            s.send(
+                uid,
+                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :{}-line not found: {mask}", s.name, kind.tag()),
+            );
+        }
         return CmdResult::Ok;
     }
     // <mask> <duration> :<reason>; tolerate the durationless form by taking an
@@ -879,16 +875,14 @@ impl Command for Rline {
             .map(|u| u.nick.clone())
             .unwrap_or_default();
         if params.len() < 2 {
-            let word = if s.remove_xline(XKind::Rline, &pattern) {
+            if s.remove_xline(XKind::Rline, &pattern, &nick) {
                 s.propagate_delline("R", &pattern);
-                "removed"
             } else {
-                "not found"
-            };
-            s.send(
-                uid,
-                format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :R-line {word}: {pattern}", s.name),
-            );
+                s.send(
+                    uid,
+                    format!(":{} NOTICE {nick} :R-line not found: {pattern}", s.name),
+                );
+            }
             return CmdResult::Ok;
         }
         if let Err(e) = crate::regex::Regex::new(&pattern) {
diff --git a/src/link.rs b/src/link.rs
index b60c00b..b917d8e 100644
--- a/src/link.rs
+++ b/src/link.rs
@@ -659,7 +659,8 @@ impl Server {
             return;
         };
         if msg.params.len() == 1 {
-            self.remove_xline(crate::xline::XKind::Svshold, &nick);
+            let setter = self.link_setter(msg);
+            self.remove_xline(crate::xline::XKind::Svshold, &nick, &setter);
         } else if msg.params.len() >= 3 {
             let Some(dur) = crate::xline::parse_duration(&msg.params[1]) else {
                 return;
@@ -1448,7 +1449,8 @@ impl Server {
         let Some(kind) = crate::xline::XKind::from_tag(&msg.params[0]) else {
             return;
         };
-        if self.remove_xline(kind, &msg.params[1]) {
+        let remover = self.link_setter(msg);
+        if self.remove_xline(kind, &msg.params[1], &remover) {
             self.propagate(&msg.to_wire(), Some(via));
         }
     }
diff --git a/src/modules/rpc/ban.rs b/src/modules/rpc/ban.rs
index 85ef31b..c149518 100644
--- a/src/modules/rpc/ban.rs
+++ b/src/modules/rpc/ban.rs
@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ pub fn handle(s: &mut Server, action: &str, params: &str) -> Result<String, RpcE
             let mask = json::get_str(params, "mask")
                 .or_else(|| json::get_str(params, "name"))
                 .ok_or_else(|| RpcError::invalid_params("missing 'mask'"))?;
-            let removed = s.remove_xline(kind, &mask);
+            let setter = json::get_str(params, "setter").unwrap_or_else(|| "RPC".into());
+            let removed = s.remove_xline(kind, &mask, &setter);
             if removed {
                 Ok(obj(&[("result", "true".into())]))
             } else {
diff --git a/src/server.rs b/src/server.rs
index 0eae209..3dcd4c1 100644
--- a/src/server.rs
+++ b/src/server.rs
@@ -1618,6 +1618,36 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(super::long_date(86400 * 31), "Sun 01 Feb 1970 00:00:00");
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn xline_add_remove_expire_all_notify() {
+        let mut s = srv();
+        s.name = "irc.test".to_string();
+        s.conf_path = std::env::temp_dir().join("echo-xline-notify-test").display().to_string();
+        let orx = add_user(&mut s, 1, "op");
+        if let Some(u) = s.users.get_mut(&1) {
+            u.flags.oper = true;
+            u.flags.snomask = true;
+            u.flags.snomask_cats = "x".to_string();
+        }
+        // permanent G-line, then removed
+        s.add_xline(crate::xline::XKind::Gline, "*@bad.example", 0, "op", "spam");
+        assert!(s.remove_xline(crate::xline::XKind::Gline, "*@bad.example", "op"));
+        assert!(!s.remove_xline(crate::xline::XKind::Gline, "*@bad.example", "op")); // gone: no re-announce
+        // a timed Z-line whose expiry is forced into the past, then purged
+        s.add_xline(crate::xline::XKind::Zline, "192.0.2.5", 3600, "op", "temp");
+        for x in s.xlines.iter_mut() {
+            if x.mask == "192.0.2.5" {
+                x.expires = 1;
+            }
+        }
+        s.purge_xlines();
+        let joined: String =
+            std::iter::from_fn(|| orx.try_recv().ok()).collect::<Vec<_>>().join("\n");
+        assert!(joined.contains("XLINE: op added a permanent G-line on *@bad.example: spam"), "add: {joined}");
+        assert!(joined.contains("XLINE: op removed a G-line on *@bad.example"), "remove: {joined}");
+        assert!(joined.contains("XLINE: Z-line on 192.0.2.5 expired"), "expire: {joined}");
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn dnsbl_hit_emits_expected_snotices() {
         use std::net::Ipv4Addr;
diff --git a/src/xline.rs b/src/xline.rs
index a65dd3d..e824745 100644
--- a/src/xline.rs
+++ b/src/xline.rs
@@ -294,8 +294,9 @@ impl Server {
         self.enforce_xlines();
     }
 
-    /// Remove an x-line by kind + mask; returns whether one was found.
-    pub fn remove_xline(&mut self, kind: XKind, mask: &str) -> bool {
+    /// Remove an x-line by kind + mask; announces it (snomask +x, like the add) and
+    /// returns whether one was found. `remover` is who took it off.
+    pub fn remove_xline(&mut self, kind: XKind, mask: &str, remover: &str) -> bool {
         let before = self.xlines.len();
         // case-insensitive: nick/host/channel masks match case-insensitively when
         // enforced, so removal must too (e.g. remove `CBAN #foo` for a `#Foo` ban).
@@ -303,6 +304,7 @@ impl Server {
             .retain(|x| !(x.kind == kind && x.mask.eq_ignore_ascii_case(mask)));
         let removed = self.xlines.len() < before;
         if removed {
+            self.snotice_c('x', &format!("XLINE: {remover} removed a {}-line on {mask}", kind.tag()));
             self.save_xlines();
         }
         removed
@@ -335,14 +337,24 @@ impl Server {
         }
     }
 
-    /// Drop expired x-lines (called on the background tick).
+    /// Drop expired x-lines (called on the background tick), announcing each one
+    /// (snomask +x) so the XLINE notices cover a ban's whole life: add → expire.
     pub fn purge_xlines(&mut self) {
         let n = now();
-        let before = self.xlines.len();
-        self.xlines.retain(|x| x.expires == 0 || x.expires > n);
-        if self.xlines.len() != before {
-            self.save_xlines(); // an expiry changed the set — persist it
+        let expired: Vec<(XKind, String)> = self
+            .xlines
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|x| x.expires != 0 && x.expires <= n)
+            .map(|x| (x.kind, x.mask.clone()))
+            .collect();
+        if expired.is_empty() {
+            return;
         }
+        self.xlines.retain(|x| x.expires == 0 || x.expires > n);
+        for (kind, mask) in &expired {
+            self.snotice_c('x', &format!("XLINE: {}-line on {mask} expired", kind.tag()));
+        }
+        self.save_xlines(); // an expiry changed the set — persist it
     }
 
     /// Path of the on-disk x-line db (beside the config file).